Understanding these stages is a critical step in recognizing that you may have a problem and seeking help before your substance use transforms into an addiction. Remarkably, the secondary reaction is often deeper or longer lasting than the initial reaction. Stress can change the hedonic set point: anhedoniaor lack of pleasure. In hedonic reversal, a stimulus that initially causes a pleasant or unpleasant response does not just dissipate or fade away, as Irvine describes, but rather the initial feeling leads to an opposite secondary emotion or sensation. Not everyone in the first two stages of this process will develop an addiction, but individuals within the third stage are extremely likely to progress into full-blown addicts. Experimental studies are generally blind concerning these historical factors that contribute vulnerability and a critical evaluation of current animal models is. The Hedonic System The body has a hedonic set point or pleasure threshhold. While there are many factors that contribute to drug and alcohol addiction, including genetic and environmental influences, socioeconomic status, and preexisting mental health conditions, most professionals within the field of addiction agree that there are four main stages of addiction: experimentation, regular use, high-risk use, and addiction or dependency. Although it may feel like it from the perspective of the addicted individual, addiction doesn’t happen overnight.
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